Craftsman Bungalow Multiple Property Nomination Address: All of Deschutes County, OR. Year Built: 1908-1930 Landmark Status: National Register of Historic Places When the Craftsman Bungalow style took hold in Deschutes County in the early part of the 20th Century, several communities had already been platted. Among them were Bend, Redmond, Sisters, LaPine, Terrebonne, and Tumalo. The arrival of the railroad in 1911, brought only a trickle of people, but investors new better and began purchasing property site unseen. Among them were businessmen from Seattle, Portland, Spokane, Omaha, Nebraska. Development of Deschutes County on a large scale came about after the announcement of the construction of two large lumber mills in 1915. By March of 1916, both mills (Shevlin-Hixon Lumber Company and Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company) were fully operational and together they cut over 750,000 board feet of lumber a day. By 1925 the two mills combined shipped over 13,500 carloads of lumber per year and had a total payroll of over three million dollars. Hearing the official news about the coming of the mills, workers flocked to Bend by the thousands looking for jobs. In fact, so many people moved into the area that in 1916 that Bend claimed to have the fastest increase in population of any place in the nation. It was during this time that Bend’s population grew whopping 910%. The arrival of the lumber mills also created a housing shortage and investors rushed to meet the demands. Between 1916 and 1924, thirty-two subdivisions were platted in Deschutes County. They included tracts in Bend, Redmond and Sisters. And by 1925, the building dollar investment had reached an all time high of 440,000 dollars. During the 1920s, developers began to create entire blocks and neighborhoods of similarly designed houses. It was during this boom that hundreds of Craftsman style Bungalows were built throughout Deschutes County. These small houses, some costing as little as $900, helped many Americans’ fulfill their wishes of owning their own home. The Bungalow was practical, and for many it symbolized the best of the good life. By 1920 though, the Craftsman Bungalow craze had reached its peak nationally and was starting to give away to a new style. In smaller communities however the style held on for another 10 years well into the late 1920’s and even into the early 1930s in some areas. The origins of the bungalow as a housing type are still under debate. Historians as distinguished as Vincent Scully have attributed the invention of the bungalow form to architects Charles and Henry Greene, and claim for them the first bungalow built (1903). Robert Winter in his popular book Bungalow questions that claim, noting that Greene brothers were only slightly involved in the paternity of the bungalow. Most historians can agree that the bungalow form has its roots in the Indian province of Bengal. There, the bangla (a common native dwelling) was a one-story dwelling with a thatched roof and open porch. Regardless of its origins the "Craftsman style" Bungalow, the design spread rapidly across the country by architects, builders and designers. The style developed fully out of the work of Gustav Stickley, publisher of The Craftsman magazine, and Henry H. Saylor, author of Bungalows. Together they promoted the style as a reaction to the excessive use of ornamentation by the Victorians and called for a return to naturalism in architecture and landscape design. National periodicals such as Sunset, Ladies Home Journal, House Beautiful, and Good Housekeeping assisted in the promotion, publishing plans, elevations and numerous articles. As a result of these tireless efforts, the Craftsman style was the most frequently constructed house type in the country between 1903 and 1930. Craftsman style Bungalows are defined as buildings of one to one-and-a-half stories tall with hipped or gabled roofs and large front porches. The essential elements include: exposed rafter tails; low-pitched roofs with over-hanging eaves; an emphasis on horizontal planes; exterior walls clad with horizontal clapboard, stone, brick, shingle or stucco; an honest use of natural, local materials for chimneys, foundations, and porch piers; and a clear interpretation of inner and outer spaces. Shed, gable and hipped roof dormers add elaboration the style. Among the most distinctive features of the style are junctions where the roof joins the wall. Here you will find exposed rafter tails (which may be cut in many different shapes and patterns), wide overhanging eaves (up to 3 feet) which are supported in-turn by large triangular knee braces, also known as "A" frame eave brackets, or decorative purlins. Some Bungalows decorative cut bargeboards. Porches are an integral part of the transition from exterior to interior space and are essential on Craftsman style Bungalows by definition. Porches themselves vary in composition but have certain similarities. Posts are usually square and tappered from top to bottom. They can be full in height or half-size posts placed on large bases of stone, stuccoed block or brick. Open trelliswork, or Pergolas, are often found as an addition or extension of a porch. A Craftsman Bungalow porch can stand-alone or be incorporated under the main roof of the house. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of a Craftsman style Bungalow home is the use of natural materials that are native to the region where the building was constructed. Here in Central Oregon, you can find exterior cladding of brick, stucco, clapboard, shingle, lava rock and any combination thereof. Chimneys, porch posts and foundations are usually left exposed to show the natural material. Basalt, brick and tuff stone are common materials for chimneys and foundations, while clinker brick (deformed brick) highlights just a hand full of chimneys and porch posts around Deschutes County. Often gable roofs are clipped. The interiors of most Craftsman style Bungalows are characterized by open floor plans with a minimum number of doors. The result is that spaces feel much larger than they actually are. Many Craftsman Bungalows have an open living/dining room arrangement that are usually separated by a screen that consists of truncated columns sitting on bookcases with glass doors or half walls. More elaborate Craftsman style homes have boxed beam ceilings, wood paneled walls with a plate rail, hardwood floors and built-in sideboards and cabinets. There are seven basic Craftsman style Bungalow forms: Simple Side Gable The simple side-gable bungalow is perhaps the most common bungalow sub-type. Simple Hipped The simple-hipped roof Craftsman style Bungalow typically takes the form of a one-story home, where a hip roof caps a rectangular plan. Often the porch is incorporated within the hip roof or extends from the main facade of the house. Simple Front Gable Here a large gable roof faces the street and dominates the main facade. Due to its gable orientation and low pitch, this Bungalow sub-type is typically only one story in height, although 1 ½ story models can be found. Porches are sometimes integrated under the main body of the house, or can be attached and have separate roof lines from the main part of the house. Double Front-Gable The double-front-gable model is similar to the simple-front-gable model except two gables face the street instead of one. The gable roof of the porch must be formed as an extension of the main gable of the house, sharing the same plane. In Deschutes County, 124 double-front-gable models have been identified. Triple Front-Gable Much like the double-front-gable model, the triple-front-gable Bungalow boasts its main roof gables pointing towards the street. Here three separate gables front the street facade. This is the rarest form of Craftsman Bungalow in Deschutes County with only 8 of the 597 inventoried Cross Gable The cross-gable Craftsman Bungalow model has a plan in which the house is side gabled and the porch or wing, forms a crossing gable. Typically the crossing gable is equal or nearly equal to the height of the main roof of the house. The crossing gable can be located in the center of the main facade or off to one side. Horse-Shoe The horse-shoe Craftsman Bungalow model has a plan in which two gable roof forms face the street. In between those, is a side gable roof that forms a covered porch area. To date, only six Craftsman style Bungalows in Deschutes County have been attributed to an architect. One of these six bungalows is the George Palmer Putnam House (individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places). Completed in 1911, architect J.W. Dimick was very proud of his design for the Palmer House and listed it, along with five other homes, in an advertisement in the July 1912 issue of the Bend Bulletin. There were other practicing architects in Deschutes County from 1908 to 1930 including: O. G. Brubaker, W.P. Smith, Lew K. Arnold, Hugh Thompson, Lee A. Thomas and Edward Keane. None however have been identified with a specific Craftsman Bungalow. Many contractors and builders advertised plan services, but again, no Craftsman Bungalows have been matched to the plan service designs. Some contractors who offered plan services are: Olson & Erickson, Guy H. Wilson, Ben Gotter, Harry W. Gant (specializing in California and Spanish Bungalows), and John J. Cunningham. A more likely senario for the designs of most Craftsman Bungalows in Deschutes County can be found in the local lumber companies who offered free plans and specifications to their customers. Among them was Miller Lumber and Tum-A-Lum Lumber Company who had over 100 plans to choose from. There is a possibility that several kit homes may have been constructed in Deschutes County. In the 1917 Bend City Directory, Lewis Built Homes advertised its services. Lewis Built Homes was a kit house company based out of Michigan which had a plant in Portland. Several additional kit house companies also advertised their services in local newspapers including: the Ainslie Boyd Co. of Seattle, the Ready Built House Co. (later Fenner Manufacturing Co.), and Rice-Penne Co. of Portland. No houses in Deschutes County have yet been identified as kit houses. There is, however, one Bungalow in Bend, the Peter Byberg House, which has been positively identified as a Sears, Roebuck Company design which was executed with local building materials. To qualify for registration under Criterion "C", Craftsman style Bungalows should have been built between 1908 and 1930. They should retain sufficient integrity to evoke the character of their style and subtype. They should boast a majority of their original exterior and interior features such as windows, trim, moldings, floors and built-in cabinets. Floors plans should be intact for public spaces, and porch configuration and details should be unchanged. Properties should be located on their historic footprints where setbacks and building orientation are true to the original design. Buildings should be representative as one of the best examples of their subtype and should be compared to other structures of similar form. Properties may also have associative significance under Criterion "A" or "B". The Multiple Property Submission on Craftsman Bungalows is based on a comprehensive survey of historic resources conducted in the City of Bend and Redmond in 1998 and 1997 respectively. To date 597 Craftsman Style Bungalows have been identified. The rural areas of the County have not yet been surveyed, but preliminary research shows Craftsman style Bungalows are not restricted to heavily populated areas.

Landmarks Home Landmarks List Style Guide Architects Home Tours National Register Tour Craftsman Bungalow Tour Illustrations 1. Main Elevation, Circa 1996.